In early , Zyklon B emerged as the preferred killing tool of Nazi Germany for use in extermination camps during the Holocaust.
Around a million people were killed using this method, mostly at Auschwitz. Tesch was executed in for knowingly selling the product to the SS for use on humans.
Hydrogen cyanide is now rarely used as a pesticide, but still has industrial applications. Firms in several countries continue to produce Zyklon B under alternative brand names, including Detia-Degesch, the successor to Degesch, who renamed the product Cyanosil in Hydrogen cyanide is a poisonous gas that interferes with cellular respiration.
Cyanide prevents the cell from producing adenosine triphosphate ATP by binding to one of the proteins involved in the electron transport chain.
The cyanide component of Zyklon B can bind at one of these iron groups, heme a3, forming a more stabilized compound through metal-to-ligand pi bonding.
As a result of the formation of this new iron-cyanide complex , the electrons that would situate themselves on the heme a3 group can no longer do so.
Instead, these electrons destabilize the compound; thus, the heme group no longer accept them. Consequently, electron transport is halted, and cells can no longer produce the energy needed to synthesize ATP.
Hydrogen cyanide, discovered in the late 18th century, was used in the s for the fumigation of citrus trees in California. Its use spread to other countries for the fumigation of silos, goods wagons , ships, and mills.
Its light weight and rapid dispersal meant its application had to take place under tents or in enclosed areas.
The new product was marketed as the pesticide Zyklon cyclone. As a similar formula had been used as a weapon by the Germans during World War I, Zyklon was soon banned.
The new product was also labelled as Zyklon, but it became known as Zyklon B to distinguish it from the earlier version. The German Patent Office awarded the patent on 27 December Customs facilities along the Mexican border to disinfect the clothing of border crossers.
In , Degussa ceded Goldschmidt AG , in exchange for the right to market pesticide products of those two companies through Degesch.
While Degesch owned the rights to the brand name Zyklon and the patent on the packaging system, the chemical formula was owned by Degussa.
This process was performed under license by two companies, Dessauer Werke and Kaliwerke Kolin, who also combined the resulting hydrogen cyanide with stabilizer from IG Farben and a cautionary agent from Schering AG to form the final product, which was packaged using equipment, labels, and canisters provided by Degesch.
Their territory was split along the Elbe river, with Heli handling clients to the west and south, and Testa those to the east. Camps also occasionally bought Zyklon B directly from the manufacturers.
The remainder was used in the gas chambers or lost to spoilage the product had a stated shelf life of only three months. They also offered courses to the SS in the safe handling and use of the material for fumigation purposes.
The first gas chamber at Auschwitz II—Birkenau was the "red house" called Bunker 1 by SS staff , a brick cottage converted to a gassing facility by tearing out the inside and bricking up the windows.
It was operational by March A second brick cottage, the "white house" or Bunker 2, was converted some weeks later.
Crematorium II, originally designed as a mortuary, with morgues in the basement and ground-level incinerators, was converted into a killing factory by installing gas-tight doors, vents for the Zyklon B to be dropped into the chamber, and ventilation equipment to remove the gas afterwards.
Crematoria IV and V, designed from the start as gassing centers, were also constructed that spring. By June , all four crematoria were operational.
Most of the victims were killed using these four structures. The Nazis began shipping large numbers of Jews from all over Europe to Auschwitz in the middle of Wenn Du es schaffst die 1.
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